Palantir

Background

A palantir (sometimes translated as 'seeing stone' but actually meaning "one that sees from afar") is a stone that functions somewhat like a crystal ball. When one looks in a palantir, he can communicate with other stones and anyone who might be looking into them; people of great power can manipulate the seeing stones (or 'palantiri') to see virtually any part of the world. The palantiri were made by the Elves of Valinor. Many palantiri were made, but the exact number is not known. Some had power over other seeing stones. The palantiri had various sizes. The smallest had a diameter of about a foot, while the largest filled a large chamber. The master stone was kept in the tower of Avallone on Tol Eressea. They are known to have a power over people, as seen from the experience of Peregrin Took and the Orthanc-stone.

In time they were distributed among seven places in Middle Earth: four in Gondor and three in Arnor. By the end of the Third Age, four had been lost forever, one palantir was hidden in the Dark Tower of Barad-dur, and another palantir had been rendered virtually unusable.

The Seeing Stones

The Palantir of Osgiliath was the largest seeing stone among the seven, and chief among them. It was placed in a prominent building in the capital city of the kingdom of Gondor. The ceiling was painted to resemble a starry sky, and gave its name (os-giliath, the Dome of Stars) to the city itself. This palantir was the first to be lost: during the civil war of the Kin-strife around the middle of the Third Age, the palantir fell into the river Anduin.

One palantir was placed in the tower of Elostirion in the Tower Hills, just west of the Shire. Until it was taken back to the West with the three Elven Rings, the palantir could be used to look along the Straight Road to Avallone.

The other two palantiri in Arnor were those of the watch-tower of Amon Sul and the city of Annuminas. Both of these were lost when Arvedui Last-king was shipwrecked in the Ice-bay of Forochel, in T.A. 1975.

One palantir was placed at Minas Ithil in the mountains that came to be known as the Ephel Duath. When Minas Ithil fell to the Nazgul, the Ithil-stone was taken to the Barad-dur and used by Sauron. The palantir was presumably destroyed at the fall of Sauron.

One palantir was placed at Minas Anor, later renamed Minas Tirith and made the capital of Gondor. The palantir was ultimately used by Steward Denethor to spy on Sauron. Denethor did not become corrupted, but the great effort of will that this required of him led him to quick aging. Furthermore, using the Ithil-stone, Sauron largely controlled what Denethor saw, leading to the latter's despair and insanity. Denethor was holding the palantir when he committed suicide on a funeral pyre, and after this, only people of exceeding power could see in it anything other than two flaming hands.

One palantir was placed at Orthanc, the great tower built by the Dunedain in the Second Age at the southern end of the Misty Mountains. The palantir fell into the hands of the wizard Saruman, who used it to garner information on his neighbors and their activities. The seeing stone was also partially responsible for Saruman's fall from grace, as he was using it when he came upon Sauron, and was ensnared by him, though his transformation to one of the fallen Maiar had undoubtedly began much earlier. Saruman later used the palantir to confer with Sauron through the Ithil-stone in Barad-dn much of their mutual cooperation throughout the War of the Ring. This communication likely influenced his decision that resistance against Sauron was futile.

Later, Grima, also called Wormtongue, cast the palantir down from Orthanc, where it was recovered by Peregrin Took and turned over to Gandalf. Peregrin inadvertently contacted Sauron, after which Gandalf turned the palantir over to Aragorn.

Using the palantir, Aragorn declared himself as the heir of Isildur to Sauron, seeking to distract him from Frodo. Sauron was led to believe that the One Ring had fallen into the hands of Aragorn or some other Western leader, and this was partly responsible for Sauron's hasty assault against Gondor. Sauron's attack, before he was fully ready, deeply influenced the outcome of the war. The Orthanc-stone remained in the custody of the Kings of Gondor in the Fourth Age.

Miscellaneous

The gaze of a palantir can pierce anything except darkness and shadow. A technique called shrouding was used when something was to be kept secret from the enemies' eyes. Knowledge of this technique was however lost long ago, although Sauron probably knew of it.

adapted from http://www.firstage.net/articles/palantir.html